AP Biology Semester 1 review 2025/2026 new update with questions and answers

1. Glycolysis - ANSWER- reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break
down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule),
producing two ATP molecules
2. Activation Energy - ANSWER- The energy needed to start a chemical
reaction
3. Calvin Cycle - ANSWER- Synthesizes sugar from the energy captured in
ATP and NADPH in the light reactions -associated with the stroma
4. Active Site - ANSWER- The region of an enzyme molecule that binds
substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme.
5. Aerobic Respiration - ANSWER- oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring
in mitochondria
6. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - ANSWER- A molecule composed of the
sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups
7. Matrix - ANSWER- the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion
8. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) - ANSWER- cycle series of reactions in
which pyruvate molecules produced are broken down to CO2, forming
ATP and NADH
9. Light Reactions - ANSWER- Chlorophyll and other molecules capture
sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy stored in ATP and
NADPH-associated with the thylakoid
10.Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ANSWER- A molecule composed of
the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups.