Pathophysiology Final Exam Review: Questions& Answers
When discussing causes of hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium), it is
correct to include: Select all that apply.
A) Excessive free water intake.
B) Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution.
C) Over secretion of the hormone aldosterone.
D) Cushing syndrome.
E) Ingesting large amounts of dietary sodium.
(Ans-B,C,&D
High sodium can be caused by inappropriate administration of hypertonic
saline (sodium bicarbonate in cardiac arrest), over secretion of aldosterone,
and Cushing syndrome (increased secretion of ACTH). An excessive free
water intake will actually cause hyponatremia, or low sodium, due to
sodium dilution in the blood. High amounts of dietary sodium rarely cause
hypernatremia
When discussing common clinical manifestations of hypokalemia (low
serum potassium), it is correct to state that: Select all that apply.
A) carbohydrate metabolism is affected due to decreased insulin secretion.
B) renal function is impaired.
C) neuromuscular excitability is decreased.
D) skeletal muscle contractility is increased.
E) smooth muscle tone is increased.
(Ans-A, B, & C
Rationale: Carbohydrate metabolism is affected secondary to decreased
insulin secretion. Renal function may be impaired, and renal tubular
atrophy and fibrosis may occur. Skeletal muscle will be weak, as
neuromuscular excitability is decreased. Loss of smooth muscle tone is