1. Heart failure: Answer -Complex clinical syndrome resulting in insufficient blood sup-ply/oxygen to tissues and organs -Involves diastolic or systolic dysfunction -Ejection fraction (EF) is amount of blood pumped by LV with each heart beat -Associated with CVDs: -‘ In incidence and prevalence -Better survival after cardiac events -Aging population -Costly -Most common cause for hospital admission in adults over age 65 -Review risk factors Clinical Manifestations: -Edema: •Common sign of HF •It may occur in dependent body areas (peripheral edema), liver (hepatomegaly), abdominal cavity (ascites), and lungs (pulmonary edema and pleural effusion). •If the patient is in bed, sacral and scrotal edema may develop. •Pressing the edematous skin with the finger may leave a transient depression(pitting edema). •The development of dependent edema or a sudden weight gain of more than 3 lb(1.4 kg) in 2 days is often a sign of ADHF, an exacerbation of chronic HF. •It is important to note that not all lower extremity edema is a result of HF. •Hypoproteinemia, immobility, venous insufficiency, and certain drugs can cause peripheral edema. -Nocturia: •The tendency to urinate excessively during the night. • Chronic HF is frequentlyassociated with poor renal perfusion and function. •Patients develop increased peripheral and systemic edema. • At night when lyingflat, extravascular fluid is reabsorbed from the interstitial spaces back into the circulatory system. •This results in increased perfusion to the kidneys.The increased renal blood flowresults in diuresis. •The patient may complain of having to urinate frequently throughout the night. -Pleural Effusion: •Is a common complication in HF.