PHARMACY FOUNDATIONS PART 1 (42-113)
Chapter 2: Basic Science concepts (42-52)
Substrate (or ligand): substance that creates signal/effect by binding to a receptor, enzyme
or transporter
Endogenous: substance produced by the body
(natural) Exogenous: substance produced outside body
(drug/chem)
Agonist: substance that combines with receptor to initiate a reaction (endo/exo) (mimics
endo sub)
Induction: when a substance increases the activity of an enzyme
INhibition: when a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an
enzyme
Nervous system overview
CNS: brain + spinal cord, controls rest of body by sending signals to the
PNS PNS:
- Somatic (voluntary): muscle movement
- Autonomic (involuntary): digestion, CO, BP, etc.
NTs (Neurotransmitters): are what send messages between PNS and CNS
(substrates/ligands)
- Common: Ach, Epi, NE, DA, 5-HT
NTs in somatic: Ach: released in response to neuron signals and binds to nicotinic (Nn)
in skeletal muscles
NTs in Autonomic
1. Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
a. Releases Ach - binds to muscarinic receptors (GI, bladder, eyes) →
SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, digestion)
2. Sympathetic (fight or flight)
a. Releases EPI and NE → binds to adrenergic receptors (A1, B1, B2) in CV
and respiratory systems → increases BP, HR, bronchodilation. Stimulation
of B2 receptors in GI increases glucose production to provide muscles with
oxygen and energy. When sympathetic activated para is paused.
Parasymp
- Increase SLUDD
- Ach → muscarinic receptors (stomach and
bladder) Symp
- Decrease SLUDD, increase glucose, bronchodilation, HR, BP
- NE and Epi
- A1 - smooth muscles, blood vessels
- B1 - heart
- B2 - Lungs